📄 Article 4: First Television War

📝 Extracted Text:

In addition, the strong public anti-war opinions expressed in the media influenced U.S. policymakers. Americans could see military abuses on television, such as the My Lai Massacre in 1968, which sparked riots in cities and university campuses across the nation. This outrage, fueled by television coverage, ultimately led to the decision to withdrawal of U.S. troops in 1973, and the end of the U.S involvement in the war. This article is available at 5 reading levels at https://newsela.com.

🇨🇳 提取文本：

此外，媒体上表达的强烈公众反战情绪影响了美国政策制定者。美国民众可以在电视上看到军事暴行，例如1968年的美莱村屠杀，这在全国各地的城市和大学校园引发了骚乱。这种由电视报道助长的愤怒，最终导致了1973年美国撤军的决定，并结束了美国对战争的卷入。 本文有5个阅读级别版本，可在 https://newsela.com 获取。

📝 Extracted Text:

of the war in Vietnam. For the first time in American history, the news from the front lines was brought straight into the living room. So why was Vietnam called the first "television war?" During World War II, morale was high. Camera crews stayed in noncombat areas to show the happier, more upbeat side of war. The stories were broadcast as motion pictures shown in theaters. And the newscasters shared only good news and reported bad news with a cheery disposition. Government censorship over the media influenced this outlook — if the press wanted access to stories about the war, they had to receive credentials from the military. This ensured that the news didn't report anything that the military did not want disclosed to the public. Big stories like the A-bomb stayed out of the news until after the war ended. The main focus of the media was high morale and support for the war effort. In contrast, the television news networks had a bleaker view of the war in Vietnam. After the Tet Offensive in 1968 — which the public saw as a defeat — reports turned unfavorable toward the war effort. The censorship that was in effect during World War II was much more lax by the 1960s. Camera crews were on-site almost constantly in combat zones. Journalists wrote day-to-day coverage and recorded their stories in the field. This gave Americans a more realistic glimpse into the lives of their soldiers, and they didn't like what they saw. On April 1, 1968, the day after President Lyndon B. Johnson announced that he would not run for reelection, he stated: "As I sat in my office last evening, waiting to speak, I thought of the many times each week when television brings the war into the American home. No one can say exactly what effect those vivid scenes have on American opinion. Historians must only guess at the effect that television would have had during earlier conflicts on the future of this Nation: during the Korean War, for example, at that time when our forces were pushed back there to Pusan; of World War II, the Battle of the Bulge, or when our men were slugging it out in Europe or when most of our Air Force was shot down that day in June 1942 off Australia." Televising the Vietnam War helped to divide a nation that took pride in its ability to unify. The dramatization of stories in the news distorted the public's perception of what was actually happening in the field. Since it was visible in their homes, Americans were able to connect and empathize with the soldiers more than ever before. This caused an outcry of public opinion against the war. By seeing the war on television, the anti-war advocates argued that the war was unnecessary, and hundreds of thousands of "American boys" were not dying for a noble cause. In fact, they believed that the United States was involved in a war in which they shouldn't be involved at all. In contrast, the pro-war supporters regarded anti-war marches as disloyal to U.S. soldiers. They saw the perils of the battlefield and felt an obligation to support their troops regardless of whether they should be there or not. The disagreements between the pro-war and anti-war advocates caused a partition in the American population that still persists. This article is available at 5 reading levels at https://newsela.com.

🇨🇳 提取文本：

越南战争。美国历史上第一次，前线新闻被直接带入千家万户。 那么，为什么越南战争被称为第一次“电视战争”呢？ 第二次世界大战期间，士气高昂。摄影队留在非作战区域，展示战争中更积极、更乐观的一面。这些故事以电影的形式在影院放映。新闻播音员只分享好消息，即使报道坏消息也带着愉快的语气。 政府对媒体的审查影响了这种局面——如果媒体想获取战争报道，他们必须获得军方的许可。这确保了新闻不会报道任何军方不希望向公众披露的内容。像原子弹这样的大事件直到战争结束后才被报道。媒体的主要关注点是保持高昂的士气和对战争努力的支持。 相比之下，电视新闻网络对越南战争的看法更为悲观。1968年春节攻势（公众将其视为一场失败）之后，报道开始对战争努力不利。到20世纪60年代，二战期间实行的审查制度已经大大放松。摄影队几乎持续不断地在战区现场。记者们进行日常报道，并在现场记录他们的故事。这让美国人更真实地了解了他们士兵的生活，而他们不喜欢自己所看到的一切。 1968年4月1日，也就是林登·B·约翰逊总统宣布他将不再竞选连任的第二天，他说道： “昨晚我坐在办公室里，等待发言时，我想起了每周电视将战争带入美国家庭的许多次。没有人能确切地说出那些生动的画面对美国民意产生了什么影响。历史学家只能猜测电视在早期冲突中对这个国家的未来会产生怎样的影响：例如，在朝鲜战争期间，当时我们的军队被推回到釜山；在第二次世界大战期间，突出部战役，或者当我们的士兵在欧洲浴血奋战时，或者当我们的空军大部分在1942年6月澳大利亚附近的那一天被击落时。” 电视转播越南战争，分裂了一个以团结为荣的国家。新闻报道中故事的戏剧化扭曲了公众对战场实际情况的认知。由于战争在家中可见，美国人比以往任何时候都更能与士兵建立联系并产生共鸣。这引发了公众舆论对战争的强烈反对。 通过电视看到战争，反战人士认为这场战争是不必要的，数十万“美国子弟”并非为崇高事业而牺牲。事实上，他们认为美国根本不应该卷入这场战争。 相比之下，拥战支持者则认为反战游行是对美国士兵的不忠。他们看到了战场的危险，并觉得无论士兵是否应该在那里，他们都有义务支持自己的军队。拥战和反战人士之间的分歧导致了美国民众中至今仍存在的分裂。 本文可在 https://newsela.com 网站上以5种阅读难度级别获取。

📝 Extracted Text:

newsela Vietnam: The first television war By Madie Ward, National Archives History Office, Public Domain on 05.18.21 Word Count 744 Level MAX Among the many things that were new in the Vietnam War, it was also the first color-televised war ever. Marines charge against a sniper down the trail of Phu Thu peninsula southeast of Hue in March 1966. And at left, behind a tree is a television cameraman filming the action. He is briefly interrupted because the soundman tied to him by cables "chickened out" for a moment and is here throwing himself to the ground. With his left hand, the cameraman tells him to get up again. Marines clashed for the second time within three days with a Viet Cong unit less than three miles from their base camp at Phu Bai. Photo: Eddie Adams for AP The Vietnam War (1955-75) was a time of great controversy in the United States. Cold War tensions ran high as the country relentlessly fought against the alleged evils of communism. At the same time, advances in video and audio recording enabled both easier and more news coverage. From 1950 to 1966, the percentage of Americans who owned a television skyrocketed from 9 percent to 93 percent as televisions became essential for everyday life. With the proliferation of televisions, news networks strived to have the most exciting, dramatic, and attractive stories. They competed for the finest reporters, highest-rated equipment, and largest number of viewers. To succeed, they had to do something unprecedented: on-site coverage This article is available at 5 reading levels at https://newsela.com.

🇨🇳 提取文本：

newsela 越南：第一场电视战争 作者：麦迪·沃德，国家档案局历史办公室，2021年5月18日发布于公共领域 字数：744 难度：最高 在越南战争的诸多新事物中，它也是有史以来第一场彩色电视转播的战争。1966年3月，在顺化东南部的富寿半岛小径上，海军陆战队员向一名狙击手发起冲锋。画面左侧，一棵树后，一名电视摄像师正在拍摄这场行动。他短暂地被打断了，因为通过电缆与他相连的录音师那一刻“吓破了胆”，吓得趴在地上。摄像师用左手示意他再次站起来。海军陆战队在三天内第二次与一支越共部队发生冲突，地点距离他们在富牌的基地营不到三英里。图片：美联社埃迪·亚当斯 越南战争（1955-75年）是美国一个充满巨大争议的时期。随着美国不懈地对抗所谓的共产主义邪恶，冷战的紧张局势日益加剧。 与此同时，视频和音频录制技术的进步使得新闻报道变得更容易、更广泛。从1950年到1966年，拥有电视的美国人比例从9%飙升至93%，电视成为日常生活中不可或缺的一部分。 随着电视的普及，新闻网络力求提供最激动人心、最具戏剧性、最吸引人的故事。他们争夺最优秀的记者、最顶级的设备和最多的观众。为了成功，他们必须做一些前所未有的事情：现场报道。 本文有5个阅读难度级别，可在https://newsela.com获取。